半月板的构造和作用

    半月板是2个月牙形的纤维软骨,位于胫骨平台内侧和外侧的关节面.其横断面呈三角形,外厚内薄,上面稍呈凹形,以便与股骨髁相吻合,下面为平的,与胫骨平台相接.这样的结构恰好使股骨髁在胫骨平台上形成一较深的凹陷,从而使球形的股骨髁与胫骨平台的稳定性增加.半月板的前后端分别附着在胫骨平台中间部非关节面的部位,在髁间棘前方和后方.这个部位又可称做半月板的前角和后角.

    The meniscus is fibrocartilage 2 crescent, articular surface located in the medial and lateral tibial plateau. The cross section is triangular, thick thin, slightly concave above, in order to coincide with the femoral condyle, the flat, connected with the tibial plateau. This structure is to form a deep femoral condyle in the tibia platform, so that the stability of the spherical femoral condyle and tibial plateau. Meniscus front end is respectively attached in the middle part of non articular surface of tibial plateau region, in the intercondylar eminence front and rear. This part can be called meniscus before and after angle.

半月板示意图

    半月板边缘部较厚,与关节囊紧密连接,中心部薄,呈游离状态.内侧半月板呈"C"形,前角附着于前十字韧带附着点之前,后角附着于胫骨髁间隆起和后十字韧带附着点之间,其外缘中部与内侧副韧带紧密相连.外侧半月板呈"O"形,其前角附着于前十字韧带附着点之前,后角附着于内侧半月板后角之前,其外缘与外侧副韧带不相连,其活动度较内侧半月板为大.

    Meniscus edge thicker, closely connected with the joint capsule, center of thin, a free state. The medial meniscus presented "C" shape, and anterior angle adhered to the anterior cruciate ligament before attachment point, the posterior angle adhered to the adhesion between cruciate ligament tibial intercondylar eminence and the point after, the outer edge of the central and medial collateral ligament connected the lateral meniscus presented "O" shape, the anterior angle adhered to the anterior cruciate ligament attachment point before, before the posterior angle adhered to the posterior horn of the medial meniscus, its outer edge and the lateral collateral ligament is not connected, the activity is the medial meniscus is large.

    半月板可随着膝关节运动而有一定的移动,伸膝时半月板向前移动,屈膝时向后移动.半月板属纤维软骨,其本身无血液供应,其营养主要来自关节滑液,只有与关节囊相连的边级部分从滑膜得到一些血液供应.

    Meniscus of knee joint motion and with a certain mobile, extension of knee meniscus moves forward, knees when moving backward. The meniscus is a fiber cartilage, which itself has no blood supply, its nutrition from synovial fluid, boundary level part only is connected with the joint capsule and get some blood supply from the synovial membrane.

    简单的说,半月板的功能是为了稳定膝关节,传布膝关节负荷力,促进关节内营养.正是由于半月板所起到的稳定载荷作用,才了膝关节长年负重运动而不致损伤.

    Say simply, the function of meniscus is to stabilize the knee joint, the spread of knee load force, promote joint nutrition. It is because of the stable load meniscus plays, to ensure the long-term weight-bearing knee motion without damage.

    1、承重

    1, bearing

    在不负重时,胫骨与股骨不接触,全由半月板衬垫两者之间.在负重时,有约70%的负重区域在半月板上,这就大大降低了胫骨平台上的应力,从而保护了软骨和全身关节.

    In the non weight bearing, no contact between the tibia and femur, the meniscus liner both. In weight, about 70% of the weight-bearing region in the meniscus, which greatly reduces the stress on the tibial plateau, thereby protecting the cartilage and joints.

    2、维持膝关节运动协调

    2, maintain a knee joint motion coordination

    半月板随着胫骨一起运动,内侧半月板较外侧半月板移位小,且半月板在膝关节屈伸过程中可以变形以适应膝关节的解剖形态.保持了膝关节几何形态的协调,从而维持膝关节运动协调.

    Meniscal movement along with the tibia, medial meniscus is lateral meniscus displacement is small, and the meniscus in knee flexion can be deformed in order to adapt to the anatomy of knee extensor process. Keep the coordination of knee joint geometry, thus maintaining a knee joint motion coordination.

    3、维持稳定

    3, to maintain a stable

    半月板切除在前交叉韧带完整时,不引起胫骨前移,而在前交叉韧带断裂时,则引起更大程度的胫骨前移.

    Meniscectomy in anterior cruciate ligament integrity, do not cause anterior translation of the tibia, while in the anterior cruciate ligament rupture, caused a greater degree of anterior tibial translation.

    4、吸收震荡

    4, shock absorption

    有这样一些膝痛病人,关节镜检病理未发现任何异常情况,而其症状明显,后经检查发现其半月板吸收功能较差.

    There are some knee pain patients, arthroscopic pathologic has not found any abnormal situation, and its symptoms, after inspection found the meniscus poor absorption.

    5、润滑关节

    5, lubricating joint

    另外半月板还有润滑关节等功能,半月板可将关节液均匀涂布于关节表面,使关节的摩擦系数大为减小.

    In addition the meniscus and lubricating joints, synovial fluid meniscus can be evenly coated on the articular surface, the friction coefficient of joint is greatly reduced.

    半月板损伤后会出现关节疼痛,膝关节活动受到限制,日久就会出现肌肉萎缩,同时还会出现行走不便半月板因长期磨损或急性损伤而破裂后,即部分或丧失了其原有的功能,造成行走不便.做好预防,出现症状,及时的到正规的骨科医院进行治疗,避免错过了康复的佳时期.

    Meniscus injury occurs after joint pain, knee joint activities is limited, with the passing of time will appear muscle atrophy, will appear at the same time walking rupture due to long-term wear or acute injury of meniscus and inconvenience, which partially or completely lost its original function, resulting in difficulties in walking. Prevention, symptoms, and timely to the regular hospital department of orthopedics for treatment, to avoid missed the best period of rehabilitation.